Onur M. Ulgen, PhD
University of Michigan, Dearborn and Production Modeling Corporation, Dearborn, MI
Simulation methodology in Practice
- Simulation guidelines
- Technical guidelines
- Managerial guidelines
- Elements of failure
- Elements of success
- Case Study of Integrated Industrial Engineering Methods with Simulation
Phases of Simulation
- Define the problem
- Design the study
- Design the conceptual model
- Formulate inputs, assumptions, and process definition
- Build, verify, and validate the simulation model
- Experiment with the model and look for opportunities for design of experiments
- Document and present the results
- Define the model life cycle
Simulation Methodology
- The eight phases of simulation provide a recipe for analysis success
- Each phase has from 4 to 13 activities for completion
- Each phase has a documentation deliverable associated with it
Phase 1: Define the Problem
Focus:
- What questions will we ask the model?
- What do we want to achieve?
- What is the scope/boundary?
- How much work/time will it take?
Deliverable:
- Formal proposal document
Phase 2: Design the Study
Focus:
- Estimate model life cycle
- Describe how performance will be measured
- Determine project timing and priority
Deliverable:
- Project functional specification document
Phase 3: Conceptual Model
Focus:
- Describe the “real” system in abstract, modeling terms
- Determine the level of detail
- Decide on statistical output interpretation
Deliverable:
- General model specifications document
Phase 4: Formulate Inputs, Assumptions and Process
Focus:
- Process logic definition
- Analysis of input data
- List modeling assumptions
Deliverable:
- Detailed model specifications document
Phase 5: Build, Verify and Validate the Model
Focus:
- Construction and coding
- Verification and validation
- Calibration
Deliverable:
- Validated base model
Phase 6: Experiment with the Model
Focus:
- Determination of cause and effect relationships
- Identification of major influences
- Analysis of results
Deliverable:
- Simulation Results documentation
Phase 7: Documentation and Presentation
Focus:
- Communication of results
- Communication of methods
- Maintenance and user documentation
Deliverable:
- Final report documentation
Phase 8: Model Life Cycle
Focus:
- Field validation tests
- User friendly I/O interfaces
- Model training and responsibility
Deliverable:
- Formal proposal document
Input Data Analysis
Why is it important?
- G-I-G-O (Garbage In …)
- Need to accurately capture individual component behavior
- Need to identify “patterns” that describe the variability of system components
Simulation Output Analysis
- Run Length
- Replications
- Output Analysis
- Bottleneck Analysis
Warm-up Plot, JPH/Time
Bottleneck Analysis
- Compare the busy, idle, down and blocked time of each work station
- Compare the average number of parts in each buffer and on each conveyor segment
- Perform sensitivity analysis to identify which parameter has to most impact
- General characteristics of a bottleneck work station
- Lowest blocked time
- Lowest idle time
- Highest busy time
- Upstream buffers are mostly full
- Downstream buffers are mostly empty
- Upstream workstation are blocked
- Downstream workstations are idle
Simulation Guidelines
- Technical guidelines
- Managerial guidelines
- Elements of failure
- Elements of success
Technical Guidelines
- Clearly define objectives
- Diagram process flow
- Understand the model life cycle
- New vs. existing systems
- Start with a simple model, add complexity later as needed
- Get users involved in model building
- Be familiar with the data collection process – question the data
- Verify the model by making deterministic and extreme
condition runs - Validate the model against actual data
- Be conservative in determining the experimental conditions
- Use ranges (based on statistical calculations) rather than point estimates
- Use time based plots for the major performance metrics
- Start documentation from day one of the study
Managerial Guidelines
- The project team should involve all key decision-makers on the problem
- Identify one main user for the study and get his/her time commitment for the study
- Make sure the main user (engineer) is involved with the study in all phases of the simulation project
- Make it clear to the project team what type of results can and cannot be expected from the study
- Report results as soon as possible and as often as possible
- Work with many milestones throughout the project
- Make sure all parties involved with the study hear about the results
- Get input and resolve conflicts before going to the next step of the study
- Control and document changes to the project
- Focus more on the objective than on the model
- There is no end to more detail and experimentation
- Stop at the detail level necessary to produce accurate estimation of performance measures
Elements of Failure
- Modeling for animation only
- Modeling for the model’s sake
- No predefined performance metrics
- No documentation of communication of underlying assumptions and logic
- Improper input data statistical analysis (or none)
- Improper statistical methods (or none) for comparison of alternatives
- No pre-definition of scope and objective
- Improper level of detail (usually too much)
- No pre-definition of system boundaries
Elements of Success
- Ask the question:
- What do I want to know from this simulation and how will I measure it?”
- Draw firm system boundaries
- Determine the correct level of detail
- Decide what scenarios you want to evaluate
Project Management
- Use a proven, structured methodology
- Stick with it
- Use a PM tool for planning and tracking
- Keep notes on what you did right and what you did wrong
- Document everything
Case Study: Material Flow and Indirect Labor Study
Agenda
- Overview
- IE Studies
- Static and Dynamic Simulation
- Results and Conclusions
Overview
- A major study was performed at a manufacturing plant to identify opportunities for efficiency improvements:
- The study generated recommendations for indirect labor and material flow improvements for current and future state operations.
- The recommendations provided input to management about resource improvement proposals for local Union contract negotiations.
- Various indirect labor assignments were evaluated including material handling equipment, i.e. forklift drivers, tugger drivers, crane operators, die setters, and stock chasers.
Various data collection and analysis techniques were used in the project:
- Traditional IE studies for the development of time standards.
- Material flow analysis using static simulation.
- Dynamic resource simulation under varying production schedules.
- Resource evaluation using forklift and tugger monitoring system.
- Bar coding techniques for improved operational efficiencies.
The planning and operation simulation tools developed by PMC for this study provide the following benefits:
- Allows change impact evaluation for various indirect resources for both the short-term and long-term planning horizons.
- Tools are usable by trained plant personnel for what-if studies related to both current-state schedule fluctuations and future-state program changes.
- Material flow model interfaces with plant AutoCAD layout and can be effectively updated as changes occur to the layout.
Project Savings
Summary
- (21) Worker Assignments could be re-allocated on an immediate basis.
- (14) Worker Assignments could be re-allocated with implementation of infrastructure improvement recommendations and analysis of ‘residual functions’.
- (24) Worker Assignments could be re-allocated with Union consent, if classification changes are implemented.
These re-allocations represent a potential savings of $4.15 Million, in addition to the associated equipment and maintenance cost savings.
IE Studies
Extent & Areas Covered
- Validated and updated plant’s existing databases pertaining to Material Handling
- Developed time-elements and established time-standards where applicable.
- Time studies covered (7) different Indirect Labor classifications throughout the plant.
- (95) time studies executed over all 3 shifts.
- Developed & updated standard work instructions based upon equipment used and required work practices.
Static and Dynamic Simulation
Simulation Overview
- Diverse sources for input data:
- Part numbers (Bill of Material, Pressroom Line-Up)
- Production quantities (Production Report)
- Production schedules (Pressroom Line-Up)
- Part routings (Plant personnel and I.E. studies)
- Containers per trip (Plant personnel)
- Load / Unload times (I.E. studies)
- Indirect Labor Worker Assignments (Plant personnel)
- Storage locations (Plant personnel)
- Container Information (Online Systems, Plant personnel)
- Shift Schedules and Available Minutes Per Shift (Plant personnel)
Static Simulation Overview
- Static Model uses Flow Path Calculator in conjunction with AutoCad
- Provides capability to incorporate all material flow data into single database and calculates material handling utilizations.
- Generates graphical output for flow analysis useful for identifying wasteful long-distance moves.
- Creates congestion plots to highlight heavy traffic areas in the plant.
- Output useful for identifying and evaluating opportunities to combine driver assignments and reallocate drivers.
- Provides a tool for performing what-if scenarios to evaluate both short-term and long-term opportunities.
Static Simulation Flow – Subassembly Hilos
Straight Flow 
Congestion Diagram
Static Simulation What-If Scenario Example
Simulation
Dynamic Simulation Overview
Dynamic Model uses discrete-event simulation software with Excel Interface
- Useful for evaluating the press room material handling resources including forks and tuggers where utilization fluctuates widely depending upon the press schedule.
- Generates time-based charts that quantify the utilization of resources over time thus highlighting opportunities for material handling improvement in a dynamic environment.
- Provides tool for evaluating and planning manpower required for current and future changes to the pressroom lineup schedule.
Dynamic Model Output Example
Sample Model Output for HiLo Group servicing two lines
Dynamic Model What-if Example
What-if: Combine coverage for two Press Lines
Before
After
Results and Conclusions
- Opportunity to reallocate 59 material handling people presents potential savings of $4.15 Million.
- Integrated approach utilized various analytical and IT tools in a comprehensive manner to evaluate indirect labor resources, including personnel and equipment
- Tools can be utilized for ongoing efficient analysis of indirect labor resources required by changing production conditions in the plant from both short-term pressroom schedule changes to long-term program changes.
